A lot of water as passed under the bridge between Catholics and Jews
in the past 1800 years or so. Most of it has been polluted by the evils
of anti-Semitism perpetrated by the Catholic Church against the Jews of
Europe, starting with the earliest published Christian writings by the
early ante-Nicene Church Fathers, such as
Tertullian. His document "
Judeos Adversos" has stood for centuries as one of the key church position papers against the Jews.
During those seemingly endless centuries, the Catholic Church
continuously demonized the Jews, stripped them of their livelihoods, and frequently their lives.
In the Catholic mindset, the Covenant that God made with the Jews had been replaced by the Church as God's new "chosen people."
[1] God no longer had any use for the Jews, and the
Church vowed never to let them forget it.
Then in 1965, under the leadership of Pope Paul VI, the document
"Nostre Aetate"
was presented to the world as part of an overhaul of the Catholic
Church known as the Second Vatican Council, or more popularly, Vatican
II. "Nostre Aetate" was one of the most significant documents to emerge
from the period. Designed to heal the relationship between the Catholics
and the Jews
, it was to be a total reset of the Catholic-Jewish relationship -- at least on paper.
"Nostra Aetate, the 1965 Declaration on the
Church's Relationship to Non-Christian Religions was one of the most
influential and celebrated documents issued by the Second Vatican
Council, a gathering of the world's Catholic bishops. In particular it
made possible a new and positive relationship between Jews and Catholics."[2]
Since the thirteenth century, one prominent symbol pointing to the
Catholic animus against the Jews was a sculpture entitled "Ecclesia et
Synagoga." The original version of this allegorical stone sculpture was
carved for the Gothic Cathedral in Strasbourg, France. It consists of
two elegant female figures, one representing a victorious Church,
"Ecclesia," and the other representing the defeated Jew, "Synagoga."
Replicated hundreds of times in the famed Gothic cathedrals of
Europe, the sculpture presented the figure of Synagoga sometimes
blindfolded, representing the Jews as "spiritually blind." Some
sculptures and murals depicted Synagoga with a fallen crown and a broken
scepter, with a severed goat's head or with a demon -- all
allegorically representing the vanquished Jews.
In all of its sordid variations, the image was revered as an honored
visual symbol of the understanding of the relationship between
triumphant Christianity and defeated Judaism. The two figures symbolized
the Catholic Church's theological position, often called
"supersessionism" or "replacement theology." According to this theology,
the Church has replaced the Jews in God's view and is now to be
celebrated as
"the New Israel." The same theology exists in the Catholic Church today.
[3]
After 1965, "Nostre Aetate" provided Catholics with a new opportunity
to rethink the worthiness of an ancient theology that bolstered
animosity between the two groups. At last, the Catholic Church
acknowledged the biblical role of
Jewish thought in human history:
"The Church, therefore, cannot forget that she received
the revelation of the Old Testament through the people with whom God in
His inexpressible mercy concluded the Ancient Covenant. Nor can she
forget that she draws sustenance from the root of that well-cultivated
olive tree onto which have been grafted the wild shoots, the Gentiles.
Indeed, the Church believes that by His cross Christ, Our Peace,
reconciled Jews and Gentiles. making both one in Himself. [4]
Pope Francis this week dedicated a new version of this ancient
sculpture, which now installed at St. Joseph's University, in the plaza
near the University Chapel.
"Ecclesia
et Synagoga": The original 13th century sculptures from the Strasbourg
Cathedral (left), and a recent example from St. Joseph's University in
Philadelphia (right) that Pope Francis blessed this week.
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According to Phillip A. Cunningham, Director of the
Institute for Jewish-Catholic Relations at St. Joseph's University:
The new sculpture employs Synagoga and Ecclesia rendered
with nobility and grace, to bring to life the words of Pope Francis:
"Dialogue and friendship with the Jewish people are part of the life of
Jesus' disciples. There exists between us a rich complementarity that
allows us to read the texts of the Hebrew Scriptures together and to
help one another mine the riches of God's word." The work will depict
the figures enjoying studying each other's sacred texts together.
When "Nostre Aetate" was released in 1965, it called for friendship
and dialogue between Catholics and Jews, instead of the centuries-long
repudiation of Jews by Catholics;
St Joseph's University
became the first to respond by establishing the Institute for
Jewish-Catholic Relations and now, five decades later, commissioning the
memorial sculpture by Philadelphia artist Joshua Koffman, and hosting
the Pope for this remarkable event.
Hundreds of Jews and Catholics from around the region assembled to hear the Pope speak.
Rabbi Abraham Skorka,
Pope Francis' close friend, came from Argentina to speak at the
dedication ceremony. Event co-sponsors gathered from Philadelphia's
Catholic and Jewish organizations: The archdiocese of Philadelphia; the
World Meeting of Families; American Jewish Committee; The Greater
Philadelphia Board of Rabbis; Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia
and the Anti-Defamation League.
The new sculpture "will vividly convey what Pope Francis has called
the 'journey of friendship' that Jews and Catholics have experienced in
the past five decades," says professor and Institute Assistant Director
Adam Gregerman.
"We are looking forward to area Jews and Catholics coming together to
celebrate the remarkable rapprochement that is occurring."
Are we actually realizing the moment when the end of Catholic
anti-Semitism shall finally be realized? Is this reality in line with
Pope Paul VI's dream of "Nostre Aetate?" Is Pope Francis picking up
where Pope Paul VI left off?
The question lingers: Can Pope Francis' hopes and dreams for
reconciliation of Catholics and Jews override some unfortunate but
pressing realities, such the Church's desire to placate the
Palestinians?
At least four trouble spots need to be addressed before the Pope can
complete his sought-after "journey of friendship" between Jews and
Catholics:
1. The first squeamish issue is the universality of the current
Catholic teaching
of supersessionism or "replacement theology." If the Catholic Church is
still claiming to be "The New Israel," there is no room on the planet
for a Jewish Israel. Under this unfortunate and
false teaching, the Jewish people, the Jewish religion and the Jewish nation are only valid if the Jews convert to Catholicism.
[5]
2. If Pope Francis is serious about a "journey of friendship" with
the Jewish people, perhaps he would not be so quick to approve President
Obama's Iran nuclear deal in the name of a hoped-for peace that will
most certainly ignite an unhoped-for war between Iranian proxies, Iran
and Israel.
3. By prematurely, preemptively and unilaterally
recognizing Palestine
as a state, he selected some very unfortunate timing -- on the
anniversary of Israel's declaration of independence, called Nakba Day
["Catastrophe Day"] by Palestinians -- for his attempt to destroy and
supplant the Jewish state.
This was a theft of Israel's hopes for a legitimate negotiated peace
settlement and an insult to Israel in the international arena. The Pope
robbed Israel of a vital negotiating position. He robbed them of their
international standing, and gave the Palestinians another legitimate
pathway to act on their vow to destroy Israel. As one of the most
prestigious leaders in the world, the Pope's unilateral action was a
kick in the teeth for Israel and hardly the "journey of friendship" he
claims to desire.
4. By collaborating with -- and even assisting -- the United Nations
in establishing the "sustainable development platform," the Pope is
freely offering his permission to the UN -- one of the most
anti-Semitic, anti-Israel bodies on the face of the earth -- to usurp
power on behalf of a shared
utopian agenda.
"Sustainable development" notwithstanding, the United Nations should be
encouraged to clean up its own house before it tries to clean up the
world.
Pope Francis has been in his office only since 2013. During this
short time, he has managed to straddle both sides of a very dangerous
divide -- between the Jews and Israel on one side and on the other,
their Islamist neighbor nations that daily vow to annihilate all Jews
along with their state.
For an average person, this might seem less like a "journey of friendship" and more like a pathway to war.
Susan Warner is a Distinguished Senior Fellow of
Gatestone Institute and co-founder of a Christian group, Olive Tree
Ministries in Wilmington, DE, USA. She has been writing and teaching
about Israel and the Middle East for over 15 years. Contact her at israelolivetree@yahoo.com.
[1] The actual quote from the conclusion of a teaching from "
The Church = The New Israel":
"So to sum up, the Catholic Church is the Kingdom of God on earth, the
new Israel (Jesus said in Matthew 21:43 that he was taking the Kingdom
away from Israel, and giving it to a nation that will produce the fruits
of it - namely, the Catholic Church), and is modeled after David's
Kingdom, with a huge temple (the Vatican), a prime minister (our Pope), a
sacred tabernacle containing the Ark of the Covenant (our tabernacle
containing the Eucharist), officers who take care of the kingdom (our
Cardinals and bishops), high priests (our priests), a Passover Meal (our
Eucharist), and a Queen Mother (The Blessed Virgin Mary)."
[2] This
document was published expressly as an education device to the study of the 50
th Anniversary of Nostre Aetate by the Council of Centers on Jewish Christian Relations.
[3] This quote is from a current teaching from "
The Catholic Knight"
but is available from many other sources. "Where does this put the
Church in relation to the rest of the Jewish people? Simply put, we (the
Church) are Zion! We are Israel! That is what it explicitly says in the
New Testament and the Catechism of the Catholic Church. To become
complete as a Jew is no different than what it takes to become complete
as a Gentile. We all must be "grafted in" to Israel - which is The
Catholic Church!"
[4] From the original
Nostre Aetate document section 4.
[5]
Nostre Aetate was intended to soften the harsh reality of
supersessionism or replacement theology in the Catholic Church, which
was the cornerstone of Catholic anti-Semitism. However, a simple
internet search of today's Catholic teachings brings up numerous
resources that perpetuate this false idea that was generated by the
early Church fathers and became part of the founding documents under the
Emperor Constantine in 325 CE. Sometimes the concept is quite blatant
and sometimes it is subtle, but the idea of the Catholic Church as the
"New Israel" is ubiquitous.