Protecting Canadians from SARS-CoV-2 Transmission

"This is how the first wave started, it came from other countries, and some people who were clearly not observing the quarantine recommendations."
Dr.Jeff Kwong, public-health professor, University of Toronto

"The honour system is a halfwitted Canadian farce which all but guarantees that we will be reinfected from outside the country, and quite often, I should think."
"I have requested government do one of these three things [test all arrivals for COVID before entry; quarantine arrivals immediately in hotels; install an app to trace whereabouts for 14 days]."
"Government has never answered me."
Dr.Amir Attaran, public health policy professor, University of Ottawa

"Flattening the curve" provides an opportunity to significantly reduce deaths from COVID-19. MATTHEW MCQUEEN / Director, Public Health Program, University of Colorado Boulder

As far as Dr.Attaran is concerned, from his post as a Canada Research Chair in health policy, what bothers him particularly is the "total absence" of any measure of enforcement to ensure that people entering Canada take the 14-day isolation requirement seriously. Government doesn't appear to take  protection of the Canadian public seriously enough to go beyond taking people's promise to accede to the rules as a point of public policy overcoming private unwillingness for the greater public good, so why should individuals?

Close to three million people have entered Canada since the borders were officially closed on March 25, a marked decrease of the numbers that generally crossed from the United States in Canada. The representative number reflects a roughly 90 percent decline in border crossings, as opposed to the usual numbers, according to Canada Border Services Agency statistics.

The issue of maintaining closed borders for all but essential workers and services is key to the ability of the country to shield its citizens from rampant SARS-CoV-2 contagion. And experts have been quick to point out that international travel introduced COVID-19 to Canada to begin with. Which meant that mandatory border closures should have been implemented, and taken seriously, with all the tracking required to ensure that those entering the country took the required precautions of self-isolating to protect the public much earlier than it did.

Canada has relatively low numbers of COVID-19 infections, with both Quebec and Ontario the two provinces with the highest infection rates, reaching a level of control and diminishing cases. Given the situation in the United States over the southern border, maintaining that closed border is critical. The U.S. reported 77,000 new COVID cases nationwide on Thursday, the seventh time this month record high cases were reported. Roughly half of the 50 states have mandated the wearing of masks, the other half not.

In total, 3.6 million Americans have been infected with the coronavirus, the highest count of any country. Over 138,000 Americans have died from the effect of the disease, a staggering figure of lost life. Florida, Texas and South Carolina all reported record COVID-19 death numbers for a single day, on Thursday. Texas announced over 15,000 infections for a single day. Infection rates altogether for Canada's neighbour have been trending upward.

Trucks prepare to cross the Peace Bridge, which runs between Canada and the United States, over the Niagara River in Buffalo, New York, July 15, 2020. Brendan McDermid/Reuters

Border restrictions are broadly supported by the Canadian public, approving of the extension to mid-August of the mutually-agreed-upon closure of the Canada-U.S. border. The fly in that ointment is not that the Canadian government claims that anyone entering Canada from abroad must go into a two-week quarantine, it is that the regulations are too lax. Of over 80 percent of the three million arrivals since late March, most have entered under exemptions whose category includes truck drivers, fishermen, soldiers, airline crew, critical infrastructure technicians and students working in health care.

Fewer than 380,000 out of the total of three million entrants have been "non-exempt", expected to isolate themselves for the required two-week period. Robo-calls and automated emails to remind the non-exempt of their obligations, augmented by live calls to check up on their commitments do occur through the Public Health Agency of Canada or through Service Canada officials. Yet hundreds of people with no intention to self-isolate or who have indicated they plan to, but fail to, have been answerable to follow-up by police.

Vancouver International Airport. (Hana Mae Nassar, NEWS 1130 Photo)

There have been scant fines resulting for violation of these critical rules. "How effective the measures are cannot be judged by how many tickets are issued. Since March -- when travel restrictions were implemented by the government of Canada -- COVID-19 cases associated with international travel have decreased substantially, from 21 percent (3,703) of all cases in March to two percent (173) in June", advised Tammy Jabreau speaking for the Public Health Agency. "This (international travellers entering Canada) is how the first wave started, it came from other countries, and some people who were clearly not observing the quarantine recommendations", pointed out Dr.Jeff Kwong.

Live calls from a trained "screening officer" who rates the person's compliance through a series of questions have reached 175,723 people, advised Tammy Jabreau, for the Public Health Agency. The Public Health Agency has passed on to the RCMP the names of about 1,500 people who failed to honour their commitments. "These measures have been essential to slowing the spread of the virus within Canada's borders."

Gender Differences in Emotional Responses to Impending Danger

"Having done a little bit of research myself, looking at gender differences when it comes to risk perception, there's a fairly clear literature that says that men are just less likely to perceive risk as acutely as women."

"Men are much less likely to be worrying, but they're also less likely to be staying home, not going out and not interacting with other people -- basically not doing social distancing -- than women."

"That 30 to 44-age group across the board, whether men or female, are the most worried about this. So I think it is partly a parental driver. I think that parental instinct in young dads, it reflects that huge gap between those two  younger cohorts."

"We can't assume that these messages from public health agencies are actually getting through to everybody. It's hard to persuade people until  you're personally affected by it. And by then it's too late."

David Coletto, CEO, Abacus Data

While groceries and pharmacies and other designated essential public services are slated to remain open in Ontario and Quebec, all other non-essential enterprises have been ordered to close. Both governments have indicated they are prepared to enforce those closures should there be pushback from those involved, in the greater interests of protecting the public at large from the spread of the infectious novel coronavirus.

"This is not the time for half-measures. This decision [to close all schools and universities among other public institutions] was not made lightly and the gravity of this order does not escape me, but as I have said since day one, we will and we must take all steps necessary to stop the spread of COVOD-19."

Ontario Premier Doug Ford

"I am going to make sure that we continue to follow all recommendations of public health officers, particularly around staying at home wherever possible and self-isolation and social distancing", reiterated Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, himself remaining in self-isolation, while his wife is recovering from the novel coronavirus she contracted while on a trip to the U.K. The federal government's latest revelatory update of 1,474 coronavirus cases in Canada, with 20 people dead, is sobering.

The survey revealing the vast difference between the attitudes of men and women to the gravity of the spread of COVID-19 indicates that 49 percent of women respondents are very worried, with 29 percent somewhat concerned about the outbreak, while 30 percent of men are very worried and 33 percent are somewhat worried. And while 25 percent of women are either a little or not at all worried, 37 percent of men fall into that same category.

Notably, men are less likely to take the advice of health officials to self-isolate in a push to mitigate the effects of the pandemic. The poll also highlighted a difference between baby boomers and young people, each accusing the other group of being the most intransigent over following public health advice. Both young men and older men resist health advice and the need to self-isolate. And then there is the group of men aged 30 to 44 who have seriously absorbed the virus warnings.

So while forty percent of men age 30 to 44 years are very worried, a number double that of men aged 18 to 29 who feel similarly, the former age demographic is linked to their status as fathers of young children. That there are large groups of people for whom the presence of an unknown and dangerous infectious virus sweeping through populations feel unconcerned is worrisome indeed. As is the anecdotal stories of young people assembling in large groups and partying, defying reality.

In this file photo, people walk and cycle on the seawall between English Bay and Sunset Beach, in Vancouver, on Sunday, March 22, 2020. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Darryl Dyck