Permanent Joint Board on Defence Pause

"The scope of the Permanent Joint Board on Defence's [PJBD] work also encompasses policy, operations, financial, logistics and other aspects of Canada-U.S. defence relations."

"Bilateral defence recommendations are forwarded to respective Heads of Government or appropriate officials for consideration."

Permanent Joint Board on Defence 

The Pentagon has announced it has paused its participation in a joint Canada-U.S. defence board that's been around since the 1940s, accusing Canada of not making enough progress on its commitments. Canada says it's always ready for constructive discussion on how to strengthen mutual security. CBC

 

"[The PJBD] was created at a time when the future of Britain's place in the world was uncertain, and from the real recognition and realization by both [President Franklin D.] Roosevelt and [Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie] King that the Canadians and Americans needed to work together and formalize their relationship."

"Throughout the war [Second World War] this was a really important body for co-ordinating all sorts of aspects of wartime production, but especially defence issues, and why this maters so much for Canada is that it provided a formal body through which American requests needed to be made and then to be taken from the Canadian representatives on that board back to the government in Ottawa."

Prof.Timothy Sayle, Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, University of Toronto 

 

"Canada and the U.S. have a long history of robust cooperation and collaboration on continental defence."

"Canada will work with trusted partners who are ready to work with us, always remaining ready to come to the table for constructive discussions about the best ways to strengthen mutual defence and security."

Canadian Defence Minister David McGuinty 

 

 

It came as a surprise, a shocking surprise, a wake-up call when the United States declared its intention to 'pause' the U.S.-Canada Permanent Joint Board on Defence "to reassess how this forum benefits shared North American defence". As the senior advisory body on continental defence the PJBD is a formalized historical mutual assurance pact signed by both countries that each must be fully involved in continental defence in lock-step with one another.

 

Set up to meet twice annually, meeting locations alternating between both countries, co-chaired by a Canadian and an American civilian, with both military and civilian representatives of the U.S. Defense and State Departments, Canada's Department of National Defence and the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade among others, this pact has represented the importance of military cooperation in a shared trust by neighbours in defence of their shared geography. 

 

Established in 1940, the PJBD came out of the Ogdensburg Agreement during the Second World War. Elbridge Colby, as the undersecretary of American defence for policy stated that: "A strong Canada that prioritizes hard power over rhetoric benefits us all. Unfortunately, Canada has failed to make credible progress on its defense commitments. We can no longer avoid the gaps between rhetoric and reality. Real powers must sustain our rhetoric with shared defense and security responsibilities."

 

There is little question but that this decision is linked to the Davos speech by Prime Minister Mark Carney months ago when he spoke of the place of 'middle powers' in the world, claiming that "If we're not at the table, we're on the menu". The import of which was an obvious critique of the Trump administration's incendiary decision-making and musings which have roiled world markets and left traditional U.S. allies confused over the seeming irrationality of many of Mr. Trump's declarations. Tariffs and the war in Ukraine have left a decidedly unfavourable impression in the minds of global leaders.  

"[There were two aspects to the board's annual or semi-annual discussions: firstly did the two sides view the world the same way, and if they didn't what was to be done]. That was mostly congenial and there was not that much asked of us."

"[Secondly, there was a] to-do [list of North American issues, centred around the North American Aerospace Defence Command [NORAD]."

"We were always doing a tap-dance around two percent [NATO's two percent of GDP defence spending benchmark]. But on a military-to-military basis, we still got a lot done."

"They realized they couldn't defend the Arctic without involving Canada." 

"The military rupture is just following the political rupture."

"NORAD will be next on the chopping block. And there is no question that will undermine Canada's security. It's dangerous politics."

Former Liberal MP John McKay, Canadian chair of the PJBD, 2016-2024 

Immediately following the end of World War II, the PJBD served as a strategic-level board tasked with ongoing considerations of land, sea, and air space security. Personnel and defence materiel relating to the northern half of the Western Hemisphere was its focal point, including the Distant Early Warning Line, the North American Air Defence command (Aerospace) in 1958, the underwater acoustic surveillance system and the North American Air Defence Modernization program (NORAD) in 1985. 

 

Co-chaired by MP John McKay and the U.S.'s Rebecca Zimmerman, Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense and Hemispheric Affairs, the November 2024 242nd PJBD meeting in Ottawa discussed topics such as NORAD modernization implementation, Arctic security, climate change, defence, co-operation in the Indo-Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean along with critical minerals. There followed an 18-month gap with no meetings, coinciding with President Donald Trump's second presidential term.  

 

U.S. Undersecretary of War for Policy Elbridge Colby waits for the start of a meeting at NATO headquarters in Brussels on Feb. 12. Colby announced Monday that the Pentagon is 'pausing' participation in the Permanent Joint Board on Defence, an advisory body on North American continental defence that was established in 1940. (Geert Vanden Wijngaert/The Associated Press)

 

"The person who made the statement here is not Donald Trump, not somebody just shooting off the handle, not someone who is uninformed."

"this is a person who is not only highly educated but also has focused on the details of defence spending."

"What Eldridge Colby [is] saying is: 'This is a reality check, Canada. You have a prime minister who travels all over the world, makes these grand promises, but promises are not policy."

"Promises are not impressing Russia, they're not impressing China."

"Canada's not bringing enough to the table, not just in order to satisfy the United States, we are not bringing enough to the table in terms of our defence capacity."

Aurel Braun, professor of international relations and political science, University of Toronto